《近代史研究》2006年第2期
2020-10-07 17:31:33   来源：中国社会科学院近代史研究所    点击：

　　一、中文目录

　　专题论文

　　建国前后中国共产党对资产阶级政策的演变 杨奎松(1)

　　民国时期婚姻行为研究——以“五普”长表数据库为基础的分析 王跃生(26)

　　黄遵宪《日本国志》延迟行世原因解析 李长莉(45)

　　从改善民生、革新行政到议员政府、普及教育——蒯光典政治思想述论 严寿澂(65)

　　1920-1930年代国家主义派之内在文化理路 敖光旭(90)

　　基督新教传教士与中国盲文体系的演进 郭卫东(110)

　　统制经济与国营贸易——太平洋战争爆发后复兴商业公司的经营活动 郑会欣(125)

　　学术综述

　　“中国近代史上的民族主义”学术研讨会侧记 贾小叶(150)

　　“近代中国社会群体与经济组织”国际学术研讨会述评 郑成林 魏文享 (154)

　　二、中文内容提要

　　建国前后中国共产党对资产阶级政策的演变　　杨奎松

　　[内容提要]把资产阶级视为自己阶级上的敌人，这是共产党人意识形态上的既定要求。而中国革命的民主主义性质，又规定了它对资产阶级必须实行统一战线的政策。这种矛盾的状况进至中华人民共和国建立前后，不可避免地成为困扰着共产党人的一道难题。事实上，从1947年底开始大规模占领城市之日起，中共中央就已经开始有意识地强化自己的阶级路线。到1948年9月政治局会议时，毛泽东、刘少奇等就已经明确地提出：全国政权到手以后，中国内部的主要矛盾就是无产阶级和资产阶级的矛盾了。但事实上，共产党人仍旧不得不牵就于在经济领域里的力量对比，在几年的时间里继续实行团结资产阶级的政策，直到“三反”“五反”运动的发生。

　　[关键词]中国共产党、资产阶级、《学习》杂志、“三反”“五反”、社会主义改造

　　民国时期婚姻行为研究——以“五普”长表数据库为基础的分析　　王跃生

　　[内容提要]20世纪三、四十年代以初婚年龄和夫妇婚龄差异为核心的婚姻行为仍保持了浓厚的传统色彩。城乡之间婚姻行为没有明显分野。婚姻行为与社会发展背离的原因在于，民国婚姻法律并未对广大城乡所存在的父母包办婚姻形成真正限制，更谈不上取消。当然，从全国来看，男女14岁以下的极端早婚行为和妻长夫幼的畸形婚配所占比例并不大。

　　[关键词]初婚年龄 夫妇婚龄差异 民国时期 “五普”数据

　　黄遵宪《日本国志》延迟行世原因解析　　李长莉

　　[内容提要]黄遵宪《日本国志》从撰成到刊行延迟了8年，成为近代文坛上的一个历史性遗憾。通过对新发现的两件档案文件的研究，结合其他资料对这一延迟原因加以解析，可知造成这一延迟的首要责任者是李鸿章，他对黄遵宪及《日本国志》的否定性评价，对总理衙门大员产生了消极影响。其次应归咎于总理衙门大臣们的昏庸无识，对于此书不予重视，未予刊行。而最根本的原因，还在于皇权官僚士大夫体制，其思想控制和言论束缚机制，使黄遵宪《日本国志》由于有借鉴日本、变法求强的思想倾向，而遭到朝臣大员的冷遇和摒弃。黄遵宪为此书向官方渠道寻求行世而失败的事实表明，在面临民族灾难的危机时期，由于清皇权官僚士大夫体制的僵化、封闭、保守，扼杀了体制内生长的应对变局的知识和思想资源，给国家利益和民族命运造成了不可弥补的损失。

　　[关键词]黄遵宪 《日本国志》 中日关系 李鸿章 总理衙门

　　从改善民生、革新行政到议员政府、普及教育——蒯光典政治思想述论　　严寿澂

　　[内容提要]晚清变法潮流中，蒯光典是一位极富现实感的人物，与理论先行的康有为诸人不同。其政治思想可分前后两期：前期旨在改善民生、革新行政;后期则以议员政府、普及教育为归宿。在民生方面，主张减轻农民负担，权力退出商业运作;在革新行政方面，则主张“定则例”，即行政必须公开与透明。光典深知，为政之要在于政府与人民互相监督。经多年阅历及欧洲之行，终于得出结论：即英国式议员政府与普及教育、公共卫生二项最是根本，乃“周情孔思”。更以为，教育之目的绝非仅是培养精英，而必须提高全民素质;教育之内容则不在某一类的学说，而在基本的、科学的知识。如此看法，显已越出了士大夫传统之见。

　　[关键词]蒯光典 现实感 定则例 议员政府 普及教育

　　1920-1930年代国家主义派之内在文化理路　　敖光旭

　　[内容提要]“醒狮运动”之初，国家主义派致力建构中西杂糅之文化保守主义体系，以为其运动之意识形态。其现代学理厥为以欧陆玄学为基础的历史文化哲学，及玄学之反动——实证哲学及实证学科(包括实证主义历史学、社会学、人类学、生物学、心理学等)。玄学与实证本相冲突，且因移植国家主义之中西时空错位，导致醒狮派理论之困境及内在紧张，并驱动其由消极强调国家主义之自在性，走向积极营建“新理性主义”哲学体系。玄学向为文化保守主义之壁垒，而实证主义之科学、进化精神及反玄学倾向，则促使醒狮派呼唤并回归“五四精神”，走向文化激进主义。

　　[关键词]国家主义派 文化保守主义 文化激进主义 内在文化理路

　　基督新教传教士与中国盲文体系的演进　　郭卫东

　　[内容提要]盲文的产生为盲界打开了认识光明世界的门扉，为盲教育开辟了通衢，而近代的盲人特殊教育又与人性尊严、人权神圣和人类平等不可或分地联结在一起，人类的文明形态因特殊教育的出现而迈进了一大步。中国盲文由基督教新教传教士率先引介创制，由康熙盲字，到大卫·希尔等诸种盲文法，再到心目克明。20世纪20年代后，中国盲文的改进转由国人接棒，反映出一国语言文字的改进最终有赖于国人自身，他们才是自己母国语言的主体和传承人。

　　[关键词]传教士 康熙盲字 大卫·希尔法 心目克明

　　统制经济与国营贸易——太平洋战争爆发后复兴商业公司的经营活动　　郑会欣

　　[内容提要]复兴商业公司是贸易委员会属下规模最大后来也是唯一的一家国营贸易公司，是负责执行战时统购统销、易货偿债政策的重要机构。本文充分利用贸易委员会等机构的源文件，深入分析太平洋战争爆发后公司的经营活动，包括对外贸易政策上的应变、人事上的调整、国营公司的改组与合并、资金的运营以及易货偿债的执行等具体内容，并以复兴商业公司为例，对于战时国民政府推行统制经济政策的得失以及国营公司所承担的作用予以客观的评价。

　　[关键词]复兴商业公司 贸易委员会 统制经济 统购统销 国营贸易

　　“中国近代史上的民族主义”学术研讨会侧记　　贾小叶

　　“近代中国社会群体与经济组织”国际学术研讨会述评　　郑成林 魏文享

　　三、英文目录提要

　　Modern Chinese History Studies 2006, No.2

　　The Evolution of the Chinese Communist Party’s Policy toward the Bourgeoisie before

　　and after the Establishment of the People’s Republic of China

　　Yang Kuisong (1)

　　Regarding the bourgeoisie as class enemies is the Communists’ established ideological requirement. However, the democratic nature of the Chinese revolution required that the Party carry out an united front policy toward the bourgeoisie. Before and after the establishment of the People’s Republic of China, this kind of contradiction inevitably became a difficult problem bothering the Communists. In fact, since the CCP began to occupy cities on a large scale at the end of 1947, the Central Committee of the CCP had started to make a conscious effort to strengthen its class line. At the Political Bureau conference held in September 1948, Mao Zedong and Liu Shaoqi clearly stated: after gaining political power over the whole country, the main contradiction within China would be the contradiction between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. But in fact, the Communists still had to make accommodations to the contrasts of power in the economic field, and continue its policy of unity with the bourgeoisie over the next several years, until the outbreak of the “Three Antis” and “Five Antis” movements.

　　A Study of Marriage Practices in Republican China: An Analysis Based on the “Fifth Population Census” Wang Yuesheng (26)

　　In 1930s and 1940s, marriage practices surrounding age of first marriage and age difference between spouses still maintained a strong traditional flavor. There was no clear difference between marriages in cities and in rural areas. Why did marriage deviate from the development of the society in general? The main reason is that Republican China’s marriage law did not truly restrict—not to mention eliminate—the existing practice of parents arranging their children’s marriages in both cities and rural areas. However, looking at the country as a whole, the ratio of extremely early marriages with couples under the age of 14 and marriages of older wives and younger husbands was not very high.

　　The Reason for Delaying Publication of Huang Zunxian’s Annals of Japan

　　Li Changli (45)

　　The 8-year delay between the completion and publication of Huang Zunxian’s Annals of Japan is one of the modern Chinese literary world’s historical regrets. Through studies of two newly found documents and other historical data, we can conclude that the person who was primarily responsible for the delay was Li Hongzhang. His negative assessment of Huang Zunxian and Annals of Japan exerted a negative influence on officials of the Zongli Yamen. Secondarily, blame should be put on the stupidity and ignorance of officials of the Zongli Yamen, who did not attach importance to the book and did not publish it. Of course, the fundamental reason was the literati system of bureaucratic imperial power. Its mechanisms ideological control and speech restriction made Huang Zunxian’s Annals of Japan get a cold reception among high officials at court, who rejected the book because of its ideological orientation towards drawing on Japan’s experience and initiating political reform and self-strengthening. Huang Zunxian did his best to publish the book through official channels, but failed. This fact indicates that during this period of crisis, when our nation was facing catastrophe, the rigidity, closedness and conservatism of the Qing literati system of bureaucratic imperial power smothered the knowledge and intellectual resources that had developed inside the system to face the changed situation, and caused irreparable damage to state interests and the fate of the nation.

　　From Improving the People’s Welfare and Reforming Administration to Parliamentary Government and Universal Education: The Political Thought of Kuai Guangdian

　　Yan Shoucheng (65)

　　In wave of reform of the late Qing, Kuai Guangdian was a pragmatic man with a strong sense of reality, quite unlike Kang Youwei and others who emphasized theory. His political thought can be divided into two periods. His early political views focused on improving people’s welfare and reforming administration, and in the late period, he emphasized parliamentary government and making education universal. As to people’s welfare, he advocated lightening the burden of peasants and having political power withdraw from commerce. As to administrative reform, he was an advocate of “setting regulations”, i.e. that administrative management must be open and transparent. He clearly knew that the most important thing in statecraft is mutual checks and balances between government and the people. Finally through his rich experience as an official and following his trips to Europe he realized that the best choice for governing China was a British-style parliamentary government, with universal education and medical care, a system which he thought totally conformed to the age-old Confucian ideal of humanity. The purpose of education, he emphasized, should be to cultivate the whole population rather than produce a class of elites, and the contents of education should not be a single doctrine, but rather basic and scientific knowledge. These views obviously went quite beyond those traditionally held by Confucian scholar-officials.

　　The Inner Train of Thought of Nationalist Faction in 1920s and 1930s

　　Ao Guangxu (90)

　　At the beginning of “Awakening Lion Movement,” the Nationalist faction was endeavoring to build a culturally conservative system combining Chinese and Western cultures, and take this as the movement’s ideology. Its modern train of thought included both historical and cultural philosophy based on European metaphysics, as well as reactions against metaphysics—positivist philosophy and positivist disciplines including positivist historiography, sociology, anthropology, biology, psychology, etc. Metaphysics originally conflicted with positivism, and because of the dislocation of Chinese and Western time and space when Nationalism was transplanted into China, this brought about theoretical difficulties and internal stresses for the Awakening Lion Faction, and drove it to turn from passively emphasizing Nationalism as a thing-in-itself to actively constructing a “Neo-Nationalist” philosophical system. Metaphysics had always been a bastion of cultural conservatism, but the scientific and evolutionary spirit and anti-metaphysical tendency of positivism encouraged the Awakening Lion Faction to call for and return to the “May Fourth spirit” and to turn to cultural radicalism.

　　The Protestant Missionaries and the Development of China’s Braille System

　　Guo Weidong (110)

　　Command Economy and State-Run Trade: The Fuxing Trade Company’s Business Activities after the Outbreak of the Pacific War Zheng Huixin (125)

　　Seminar on Nationalism in Modern Chinese History Jia Xiaoye (150)

　　International Seminar on Modern Chinese Social Groups and Economic Organizations

　　Zheng Chenglin, Wei Wenxiang (154)

责任编辑：国强 最后更新：2021-05-30 19:45:03

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